Pressure In My Ear While Being Sick

Psychopathology of autism according to Meltzer Psychosis

1 - States with autism and mental state post-autistic

Meltzer believes that autistic disorder as a clinical entity itself ("post-autistic mental state") is the result of a repetition of statements called autism in which the processes involved in normal psychological development of children is hampered. However once the post-autistic mental condition imposed as a result of these developmental abnormalities repeated, the child continues to have appeal to autistic states as a mechanism Defense privileged. The state

Autism is a suspension of mental life: the child is cut from the outside world. In the transference, it follows a suspension of trade, breach autism.


2 - Dismantling (Dismantling)


a-Description

is one of the key processes involved in break contact, it is a separation of different sensory perceptions exerted by the subject not immersed in one sensory modality over the others. It is a "passive process of letting the senses (...) endeavor to be the most exciting in the moment," an "ability to suspend the attention that allows each to wander towards the object The most attractive of the moment " [1] .
To describe this phenomenon, Meltzer from the notion of common sense, borrowed from Bion. This notion, inherited from the Aristotelian tradition of philosophy and English sensualist, synergy means the records of information, sensory perceptions, which produces "constant conjunctions" of phenomena, which results in a feeling of truth, consistency of perception of the environment.
Decommissioning involves the decomposition of common sense, which leads to the decomposition of the self in separate perceptual abilities. In dismantling the thread that binds each of the senses to form the complete attention breaks. Therefore the subject is bathed in a multiplicity of events unisensoriels, and the distinction between animate and inanimate beings and things, becomes impossible.
Meltzer believes this allows for a decay the ego as a "natural divide" (the separation of the senses) and not by a cleavage active attacks by sadistic. Therefore, "when the self is unified by an attractive object, object perception is reinstated at the same time" [2] . The state autism itself is reversible. But this mechanism deprives children of many experiments maturation.


b-Report of dismantling the obsessionnalité

Meltzer is also a link between decommissioning and obsessive mechanisms. What he called obsessive mechanisms receives is a particular definition. It is in fact no mechanism corresponding to the classical Kleinian description, which is the sadistic activity, under the influence of the projection of the death instinct in the object, leading to attempts at omnipotent control the object. The definition
Meltzer is: "The fundamental mechanism that we call" obsessive "from the disease that illustrates the more brilliantly it works, is to separate and to exercise omnipotent control over the objects inside or outside . " [3]
Sadism, in autism, is "minimal" [4] contrary, he said, the obsessional neurosis or paranoia. So since
separate permits from Meltzer control, separation sensory work in dismantling would be an attempt to control perceptions by breaking them down to their simplest expression. "Getting experience in the dismantling nascent insignificant to a state of simplicity below the level of common sense, so it can function as a symbolic form to contain emotional significance [5] " [6] .


3 - psychic spaces in autism: disruption of spatial dimensionality and the geography of fantasy

Meltzer believes that a fact essential in psychic development is the development of dimensional space, it is by what happens to the subject a representation of the world and that can be normally what Meltzer has emerged under the terms of geography fantasy.
The geography of fantasy covers the different psychic spaces that are the subject during development and on which his internal world and his understanding of the outside world.
Meltzer describes four compartments: inner and outer self, within the internal objects, external objects inside. It is between these various compartments What place processes of projection and introjection, which can be described in terms of trade or pass items from one compartment to another.
The following are the steps identified by Meltzer in the development of spatial dimensionality, in order of complexity.


a-dimensionality

In this mode the state is autism itself. Mental activity is impossible, absent, reduced to a series of sensory events dismantled unavailable for thought and memory, emotionality it reduces to the simplest polarization.


b-two-dimensionality

objects are reduced to the sensory qualities that can be experienced at their surface. They have no width or containing cavity, they are as thin as a sheet of paper. From when the self is also limited to a surface. According
Meltzer, therefore, it may be a capacity issue that is missing in the remains at the stage of two-dimensionality. Esther Bick [7] considered was the capacity of the external object to contain the child's mother who induced an inability to introjection of the containing space. Meltzer is also an internal cause, since he considers that this may also be a difficult subject matter to go beyond the two-dimensionality, and thus to perceive the object as in three dimensions that is causing disruptions the formation of the containing function of the self. According
Meltzer, anxiety is that the lack of internal space formed inside the psyche can not distinguish a good object away from a bad object present [8] .
Otherwise the report will be disturbed at the time: the external objects that can be introjected over experience, and internal objects can not be altered by introjection, it is not possible reconstruction of the past or anticipation the future. Therefore time is circular, based on the inability to imagine a sustainable change. Any change is therefore seen as collapse.




c-tridimensionality

The transition to three dimensionality allows the design of the object as containing an interior and exterior, he is no longer perceived as a flat appearance, and therefore under the angle of either of its sides, but its inside and outside.
At this point, the child then meets an object containing a potential space that can show its ability to protect and keep its apertures. The issue of body orifices is contemporary with the three-dimensionality (as in Barry [9] ). In addition the child is also testing the resistance of the object to the aggressive penetration.
At this stage, the perception of time is oscillatory, which comes at a time moving in a certain sense, but whose direction is reversible. Meltzer believes that the reversibility of the direction of time is treated by the subject because of projective identification. It is through play that introjection and projection at this stage is between subject and object, which ensures the passage of elements from one to another, for return trips at the discretion of the subject, and just by the nature of possible return of items within the self, the idea of a time that can operate in a forward direction as in a return direction is set up.
Therefore, Meltzer believes that the renunciation of projective identification is necessary to make the time to become truly one direction: that is when the transition to quadridimensionnalité is. But this renunciation is never completely.


4 - Other psychopathological


Identifying a-stick

The adhesive identification and projective identification are the two consecutive terms-of-normal preoedipal narcissistic identification. They precede
called introjective identification that appears at the time of entry into the Oedipus, contemporary investment instinctual renunciation of parental figures, investment which will substitute the identification with these figures by introjection-and particularly introjection of the containing function of the mother. Introjective identification is according to Meltzer brand entry into a world four-dimensional, and may-be said in the depressive position, as a corollary the waiver of projective identification which typically is on her to be a predominant mechanism in a three dimensional world.
Thus, the most archaic identification, adhesive identification, which is found in autism so frequently, has she to do with a perception of two-dimensional world.
The adhesive identification (Bick Esther) produces a dependency type "collage" in which the separate existence of the object is not recognized. There was failure to form the concept of internal space, introjection is impossible to identify "objects talking" is blocked. The adhesive identification is identification with the mental body functions rather than objects.
In its manifestations, it can be for example the use of adult's hand as an extension of the body itself.
We also find all the phenomena of reaction to the denial of omnipotence: the child whereas the adult is in continuity with itself, it seems natural that their wishes are carried out by the adult when a refusal the adult is experienced as chunking, as a rejection, pure and simple. The subsequent collapse may lead to a greater autistic withdrawal, sometimes erroneously considered Benin due to its discretion. This discretion
therefore differs radically from the reaction of the child in projective identification, which "will test the denial of his tyranny as a threat to his omnipotence and redouble efforts (...)" [10] .


b-relationship with the maternal object

From an economic standpoint, Meltzer notes that children with autism have a 'permeability the primitive emotions of others " [11] . This increased sensitivity to particular mental states of the other, they reveal their propensity to seem to feel what another feels; Meltzer speaks of this phenomenon under the term "concern for the other depressive" [12] , which does not include an identification but rather a way of feeling by continuity, by adhesion.
Similarly the other seems, for the autistic, also permeable to the emotions; any element of reality tends to show the opposite is seen as rejection. There is an effect of the absence the containing function, the defect barriers, the object as the self. Moreover
behavior of autistic children reveals that they are desperate to be rid of all rivals, other babies of the mother for possession without compromise of the maternal object. But Meltzer does not consider the destructive behavior that occurs in their efforts to retain that possession as a mark of sadism, as these subjects are below projective identification. In the same vein the persecution that occurs in children working in projective identification is absent in these children. For it is
Meltzer a "joyous possession of the maternal object" [13] , combined with a "sensuality" particularly increased, which is a way of relating to the object that happens especially through research body contact and more specifically "skin to skin".



[1] MELTZER, D. et al. (1975). Explorations into the world of autism. Paris: Payot, 2002, p.30
[2] Ibid .
p. 253 [3] Ibid . p.262
[4] Ibid . p.263
[5] Ibid .
P.270 [6] Meltzer brings the product dismantling of bizarre objects Bion. Note however that these are presented by Bion as the product of a divide assets in which the death instinct is at work.
[7] See Part V -
[8] See Part II -
[9] MELTZER, D. et al. (1975). Explorations into the world of autism. Paris: Payot, 2002.
[10] Ibid .
p. 285 [11] Ibid . p. 27
[12] Ibid . p. 28
[13] Ibid . p. 28

Burping A Lot After Having The Flu

infant by Frances Tustin: psychotic depression and autistic objects

For Frances Tustin, autism is both a primary stage of development and a serious medical condition (which brings it closer by Margaret Mahler [1] ). It is through the study of autism as a separate clinical pathological she could deduct her views on autism primary normal, and reconstitute elements of psychopathology may lead to the formation of an abnormal autism .

1 - The early object relationship and psychotic depression

According to Frances Tustin, a perspective that approximates the designs of Margaret Mahler, the first period of normal development of the child is autistic-like. The normal primary autism, according to its name, is characterized by a lack of awareness of the outside world and especially the separation between the newborn and external objects, which, in the foreground, the mother. The objects are not different from the self.
Frances Tustin believes that the newborn can maintain this illusion through innate forms: an innate form is a form of an erogenous zone that coincides with the shape of an object (eg a nipple innate form that will be sought by the language to complete). The newborn, whose language research naturally innate form of the nipple, may, when the two meet to maintain the illusion that both are continuous.

is the mother who plays a decisive role in the passage of this stage in the later stages of development. Indeed it is, again, the quality of the situation and holding the items that Winnicott has described as accompanying (handling, the presenting object) by Frances Tustin depends on maintaining the illusion of continuity. This is particularly the presentation of " real breast just where the child is ready to create, at the right time " [2] that can preserve the illusion of continuity mother and child.
At the moment there is indistinctness of self and the object, the object loss at this stage results in characteristic effects. On this point, Frances Tustin takes up this finding Winnicott: when the separation from the breast takes place too quickly, before the subject is the emotional equipment to cope with this loss, the loss of the breast is also loss of certain aspects of the mouth which disappear at the same time as the mother and breast. "A few months later, the loss of the mother would be a loss of object, without loss of part of the subject" [3] . Frances Tustin known as early and traumatic oral frustration.
Therefore it is tearing the oral object as part of the body of the child who is at the origin of psychotic depression.

This does not mean that the object is missing, however. This case corresponds to a stage below a drawing of the loss of the object as it is occurs in less archaic stages of development libidinal or the Kleinian depressive position [4] . Frances Tustin
[5] considers after Bion [6] that for forming the mental image breast absent, the subject must tolerate the frustration caused by lack of breast activity Mental begins when "within the desired" is seen as an "idea breast absent 'and not as a" bad breast present'.
Thus in the case of autism, breast desired presence is seen as a bad breast, which prevents the development of thought. For Frances Tustin, uprooting of the object, which amounts to a situation of "no-breast" was experienced by the subject too early autistic [7] at a time when it has not yet experienced enough "good breast" in order to tolerate "no breast". The subject accesses
not the idea of the absence of the object but remains on the perception of the presence of a persecutory object, in the form of bodily substance, part of the body itself. Hence the anger is considered by Frances Tustin as the attempt to expel the bad internal object. After the anger expressed fear that part of the body itself is "fallen apart".

In a clinical examples cited by Frances Tustin (case of John [8] ), she believes, citing specific about John, that "absence is the more''then''(goneness) the''more''then something is broken, a''black hole''full of''bad''quills. "The absence
seems therefore experienced by the subject as the introduction into the body of an object broken and irreparable (" wicked spines "). According to Frances Tustin, this does not show up for John in thoughts, he feels ingest the broken object in his body: "the pain caused by the loss seems more physical than mental [9] . Similarly during his explosive temper trying to expel the object, the child seems to fear that part of his body has fallen, and John checks his penis is still there (which is no castration anxiety, since is the real body is at stake)
In the treatment of John, it appears a dichotomy between two registers, what is "nice" (sweet, soft, comforting) and what is "bad" (rough, hard, worrisome). Frances Tustin therefore notes that the "kindness" is what can be "shaped by innate forms and thus seems continuous with the bodily substance (...) the" evil "is the hard material that does not give shape to appear part of the body " [10] . The outside world ("not me") is apprehended on the mode of failure of continuous physical, physical damage, hole: this is what Frances Tustin appointed as psychotic depression.

Finally, always falling in the current post-Kleinian, Frances Tustin also incorporates the importance of empathic identification of the mother, as his ability to dream and its capacity to function as a container for the child. Indeed, the growing awareness of the separation is accompanied by bodily sensations of displeasure for the subject, which lead dumps her. It is the ability of mothers to receive and welcome these discharges depends the formation of the child to an internal object container that replaces bodily continuity. However
Tustin noted that such attacks can be poorly supported by the mother, which may thus hinder the ability of holding both physical and psychic (entertainment speaker). Side of the child, the reactions can go in the direction of an attempt to maintain the more the illusion of continuity. This all-powerful illusion, when it is threatened at moments of separation, leads to a feeling of terror which the child defends itself by focusing on the sensations of his own body. This is the case of John, who, having been confronted with these mechanisms, remains in a first environment as undifferentiated from his own body, indefinitely and attempts to model objects as forms innate.


2 - Construction of the "shell"

Frances Tustin perceives the phenomena that lead to autism as a cyclical process. The separation body a shock and is a moment of terror when the child is perceived as full of poisonous substances. This causes an explosion, (tantrums, etc..) In an attempt to eject the bad object present, a phenomenon which can also be perceived by the subject as an actual eviction part of the body itself, with all the anguish that can accompany such a sensation. In an attempt to reinstate the expelled party, and the object he has come to symbolize the separation, the child recovers from inanimate elements that form an envelope.
Repeating this process leads the child to live permanently fitted to the envelope, Frances Tustin calls "shell", "protective shell" (hence the term "child shellfish" means that these subjects). From this shell are such that permanent muscle tension in certain subjects autism, the bubbles of saliva continual retention of stool, etc..
The "shell" is here a function similar to the "second psychic skin" described by Esther Bick. Well here is because of insufficient internalization of experience soothing and reassuring the mother that results in an inability to countenance the intrapsychic object. In terms more strictly Kleinian, so here it is an impossible transition to the depressive position with a lack of access to the whole object.


3 - Listed autistic What

Frances Tustin called autistic objects [11] is either part of the body of the child to the world outside that are seen as not separate from me. Initially, the objects are pills: breast, bib etc.
Normally, these objects must give way to transitional objects. There are two main cases in which the transitional object does not appear: either the situation has been a nurturing experience internal reassuring and satisfying, in which case the child does not need the passage through the transitional object, he can invest directly external objects or maintenance of autistic objects prevents the transition processes.
Now is when the "frustration" (within the meaning of the tearing of the object that was not developed as separate from the body itself) becomes intolerable, that objects are used autism, thus coming to place this object not separated from the subject. The objects used are autistic so regarded by the subject as integral parts of the body and as things, thereby excluding the frustration: "autistic objects" me "should remove the" not me "dangerous". In individuals with autism pathological, these objects can be clinically when the child sucks his tongue, keeps his stool, blowing bubbles of saliva. They are part of the "shell" autistic.
addition to the case of a premature denial of the nipple, Tustin believes that the appearance of abnormal autistic objects may also be due to prolonged use of nipple autistic too.


4 - A classification system autism pathological

psychopathological These elements are found in different clinical emerges as Frances Tustin and are three in number. We specify for each category name a child Frances Tustin describes the case: we shall return later to the treatment of these children [12] .


a-Autism Primary Abnormal (APA Tom)

Frances Tustin believes that ABS is an extension of normal primary autism, either through lack of care or due to innate deficiencies. "This state is characterized by very low differentiation at an emotional level, a vague awareness of the separation body, the body image, identity and personal life " [13] . These children are still using
late parts of their own body as autistic objects (hand, finger). They do virtually no distinction between animate and inanimate. Differentiation from the mother is virtually absent.
The body has no place, it is "soft, flaccid, leading to Frances Tustin call them" children amoebae. The thought is present with "islands", the language is chaotic or incomprehensible [14] .


Autism Secondary b-shell (AUC: John David)

Frances Tustin close this clinical entity of early infantile autism.
She believes that the CSA is the product of an early cessation of development.
one viewpoint body, the shell can maintain the illusion of a body wrap by the mother. These children give the impression of being "wrapped in themselves." Separations occur without a backward glance.
The shell acts as a cohesion for those children whose personality had to be integrated at a time too early in development.
The illusion of continuity with the outside leads the child to use external objects as if they were part of himself, in an attempt to reject psychotic depression ("key hole"). The objects are prevalent outside of autistic objects (objects hard mechanical). It does not appear there be no discrimination between animate and inanimate objects.
There is a divide between the good and not me me persecutor, and thus rejected. The shell can hide this "not-me" scary. Consequently, these children fleeing physical contact, the gaze even voice.
They have little or no activity fantasy, imagination is limited to body parts, functions and bodily orifices. There is also an inhibition of thought. These children give the impression of being empty, they are often mute or echolalia.
Finally there is a tendency to any ritualized, dependence on a set routine. This search for the absence of change is another aspect of the "shell".
In psychotherapy, they come to an undifferentiated global object or a broken object.


c-regressive secondary autism (ASR1: Toby, Paul; ASR2 Ralph)

Frances Tustin close this clinical entity of schizophrenia infant.
It considers that the ASR is the product of a regression in development.
Compared to the CSA, the protection against "non-self" terrifying being dispersed, tiny split into parts which we think is closer to the developments of Bion on schizophrenia. Therefore personality is unstructured, "incoherent and confused."
The prevalence of pathological projective identification as a defense against the shock of the separation of body and cons of depression that follows leads to a fragmentation of self and the object.
The object relationship is marked by a persistence of transitional objects in an age where they should be abandoned. The separation may be impossible with the mother or be helped by the existence of a transitional object.
The distinction between animate and inanimate, people and things, is poorly made, as well as that between good object and bad object.
activity is bizarre fantasy, often related to bodily functions. The thought is confused, the language also, he is poor, sometimes meaningless.
In psychotherapy, they come to an object into pieces, a strange object, an object consisting of poorly assembled pieces.
Frances Tustin distinguishes ASR (1) where the personality is split into two parts, and ASR (2), evolution of the ASR (1), where personality is cleaved into multiple fragments, disintegrated.







[1] Frances Tustin thus achieves a rapprochement between the current post-Kleinian English (she was a student of Bion) and a first psychosis derived from ego psychology-American.
[2] Winnicott, DWW (1951-1953). "Transitional objects and transitional phenomena." Playing and Reality. Paris: Gallimard, 2000 21
[3] DWWinnicott, cited by Tustin, F. (1972). Autism and psychosis of the child. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1977, p. 14
[4] As well as the extraction of the object in Lacan and experience of the mirror stage.
[5] Ibid . p. 176
[6] See Part II -
[7] In particular in autism secondary shell
[8] Ibid . p. 31
[9] Ibid . p. 32
[10] Ibid . p. 33
[11] Ibid . p. 67-75
[12] See Part IV-
[13] Ibid . p. 101
[14] Ibid . p. 102-105

Sentinal Safenet Superpro

skins by Esther Bick psychic

Esther Bick [1] trying to design a kind of natural history of psychological space by introducing the concept of psychic skin. The first psychic skin becomes a function whose establishment is essential for the establishment of an integrated self.
His designs will be widely times thereafter, notably in the context of this study, F. Tustin and D. Meltzer.

Taking data from post-Kleinian authors who precede, Esther Bick considers that it is the primordial experience Newborn in his relationship with the mother determines the formation of a unity of personality: the holding breast (the mother how to hold, talk to the child's familiar smell, etc..) and the soothing experience of the nipple in the mouth, are the basis of the containing function that takes the collected parts of the personality. The liaison function between the parts of the self is considered here as experienced passively in relation to the mother. According to Esther Bick
containing function that is experienced as a skin. It is the introjection of this skin, this containing function, which allows the creation of an inner psychic space. Once this psychic skin formed by introjection, it defines an internal space to contain himself introjections later. So when the first space will be housed internal objects introjected.
the same time, because of this border is also delimited space outside the self. It is from this moment, according to Esther Bick, which can take place the first cleavage and idealization of self and the object described by Melanie Klein.
The constitution of the first psychic skin allows the early integration that is to say, the structuring of a unit of the self, which is experienced as a topic (the state is above the non-integration, the disintegration is a process that results in subsequent operations cleavage active).
disturbances of this function first skin can cause the formation of a second skin. In one case cited by Esther Bick, Alice, the absence of first psychic skin, first containing space resulting from the lack of experience leads to the formation mother holding a second skin-like muscle with hyperactivity, punches etc.. or a substitute body, physical function normally psychic. We'll find the shell described by Frances Tustin a similar size.




[1] BICK, E. (1968). "The experience of skin in early object relations." The writings of Martha Harris and Esther Bick. Larmor-Plage: Porthole Publishing, 1998.

The Difference Between Flea Bites And Scabies

The genetics of Margaret Mahler: Autism and psychosis symbiotic

In a genetic perspective, Margaret Mahler [1] highlights several stages of child development. It considers that it is the wrong course a stage which leads to a pathological condition, and therefore describes each stage of a clinical child psychosis correspondent.

1 - The stages of development according to Margaret Mahler


Autism a-normal

The first weeks of life correspond to what Margaret Mahler called autism normal phase during which satisfaction of needs is seen as assured by the infant himself, in an illusion of omnipotence autism. At this stage the mother is not perceived at all, care for example reducing hunger is not distinguished from the efforts of the child itself to reduce its internal voltage unpleasant. Margaret Mahler equated this stage an initial phase of primary narcissism described by Freud, the second being the symbiotic stage.


b-symbiotic stage

The symbiotic stage of development is by Margaret Mahler at the period from the second months. Defines the term symbiosis, by analogy with the term organic, the type of mother-child relationship, in terms of the child.
At this stage, the child is in an absolute dependence with respect to the mother. There is a "vague awareness" of the object of satisfaction of needs, but it is considered by the child as an integral part of himself. The "I" is no different even from "non-I", the interior and exterior differ only gradually. The symbiotic unity, as experienced by the child includes both body and psyche the child and the representation of the mother. There is a delusion, hallucinatory fusion of the child to the mother with common borders. Margaret Mahler reports that it is from the third month of life as the object starts to be perceived as hindering the partial object needs.
At this level, Margaret Mahler believes that the ego and the id are undifferentiated and are the primary reservoir of energy, composed of undifferentiated impulses, libidinal (of life) and aggressive (death). Any unpleasant perception is projected beyond this unit.
Psychosis symbiotic child is a step backwards at this point.
After the symbiotic phase, a number of elements will help gradually approach the process of separation-individuation. According to Margaret Mahler
an early present from me is when the child is able to "anticipate with confidence the satisfaction" [2] , through memory traces of satisfaction. From the second semester of the first year, the symbiotic partner is no longer interchangeable, then there is strictly speaking a symbiotic relationship with the mother. Whenever there is distress, internal or external, the child uses the symbiotic partner to calm, which contributes to the implementation of the function of protective shield of the mother. Margaret Mahler, reprising concepts borrowed from Winnicott believes that "the attitude of holding (holding) the partner's mother, her primary maternal preoccupation is the symbiotic organizer. [3]
Note that we can recognize this symbiotic phase in a genetic design of clinical facts related to those spotted in the Kleinian paranoid-schizoid position.


c-Separation-individuation

According to Margaret Mahler, so it is with the holding that the maternal separation-individuation process can be implemented. This takes place in several phases.

From 10th to 16th month, whereas before the infant's attention was mainly directed towards internal sensations, he began to focus its attention on factors outside the dyad, referring constantly to the maternal face.
During this period, the structuring of the ego is favored by the alternation of gratification and frustration. The mother is the symbiotic partner ("auxiliary ego" [4] ), it is the guarantor that the internal distress does not exceed a threshold too high, thus ensuring its role as protective shield. Here is Margaret Mahler as the point of attachment mechanisms "as if" and schizoid personalities.

From 16th to 18th month, the child is at the peak of a sense of omnipotence related both to the mother-child symbiosis is still active, and the new sense of autonomy, particularly related to acquisition of walking. This is the testing period.
The child, its locomotion, may move away Gradually the mother, and at the same time it is the emotional presence of the mother close to allowing that "investment is withdrawing from the symbiotic sphere to attach to appliances autonomous self and the ego functions - locomotion, perception, learning " [5] .
In this period, by the physical distance gradually, gradually the child is confronted with threats of loss of small object, pleasure in the autonomous operation is considered to overcome separation anxiety aroused each address.

the 18th month, I acquired some maturation: cognitively, the child has an awareness of object permanence (Piaget) and therefore has access to an intelligence capable of representation (and not just sensorimotor).
On the libidinal, the early identification of parents to me, so early in the process of internalization (Hartmann) of parental imagos, which will continue for the next 18 months. During this period, the delusional certainty of non-separation from the mother falls gradually, as the omnipotent child to overestimate his own abilities. This period is therefore a loss of phase vulnerability especially for self-esteem of children we can recognize a developmental version of the Kleinian depressive position.
After this phase, the subject has internal objects, cognitive and libidinal, it became gradually aware of the separation of his body, differentiation of the self and the child has acquired some awareness of entity and its identity.

noted that signing the fundamental difference between this description and the description of Kleinian positions, as indeed we shall see, the issue of separation and lack of access to the Other in Lacan, is the developmental perspective that freezes the terms of the relationship partner and the object in a sequence of steps staked. In contrast to Melanie Klein believes that in any subject are present object relations-type paranoid-schizoid and depressive, while Lacan does not distinguish between a unique modality of object relations can lead to lack in the Other, located access to it in the dialectic of demand and desire taken in the language.


2 - Pathology

If at first 50s, Margaret Mahler believes that childhood autism and symbiotic psychosis are two distinct clinical entities, it is up to the late 60s on this design and stresses found in clinical rather than a sharp distinction, a predominance of mechanisms to one or the other pole. She notes that "at age three and a half or four years, the two schemes, autistic and symbiotic, are in most cases" [6] . She also notes the existence of moments of autistic regression in children located in a register rather symbiotic, whether in the natural course or progression of therapy.


a-Infantile autism

The autistic syndrome is considered by Margaret Mahler as a regression or fixation to the normal autistic phase.
In this context, it finds a non-differentiation between self and inanimate objects in the environment. The difficulty of the mother to establish contact with the child and the attachment thereof to inanimate objects reflects this mechanism. The reason is that "the autistic child is unable use the auxiliary ego functions of the executive partner (symbiotic), the mother, in navigating the world outside and inside " [7] .
Margaret Mahler considered when symptoms present (immutability, stereotypies, limited value for an object, intolerance to change) is a way to tolerate the internal and external stimuli without the support of auxiliary ego-feeding. Operate without this support takes the subject to a libidinal disinvestment overall internal and external reality, psychic functioning remaining on a non-differentiation of the ego and the id and the self and the object.
This withdrawal of libido, it is clear that food such as potty training (which are often not in default in autism) are mechanically out of the emotional tie to the mother which is normally successive stages of libidinal development [8] .


b-symbiotic psychosis

called symbiotic psychosis is a form of fixation or regression to the symbiotic stage, with some degree of failure of the process of separation-individuation.
So at the stage of the perception of an object part reliably meet the internal tension that stops development. Margaret Mahler makes several assumptions about the reasons for that determination: extreme reaction to the failures of the test period; traumatic experience begins when the separation individuation (separation brutal symbiotic partner, etc..) Failure to use the partner mothering during the symbiotic phase where poor internalization. In

symbiotic psychosis, the representation of the mother is fused to self, so they are not separated. It contributes to the illusion of omnipotence of the child.
As the real mother is close to the child, this may not be noticeable, but in times of separation, hence the need for independent operation is felt that the disorder is revealed: the child then its obvious distress of panic. He shows the failure of the internalization of the mothering object (thus the protective shield function), replaced by a persistent fusion thereof. There are non-differentiation of self and mother, and the subject requires to survive, the real mother. It is therefore impossible for the self to face the world as distinct individual: the world is hostile and threatening as the subject remains alone.

To maintain this delusion of merger with mother, the child uses to specific behaviors, in particular an attempt to control the omnipotent maternal object. "There can be some attempt to externalize the omnipotent dual unity, which is projected into a frenzy the outside world it will be such to require the mother to act as if it was in reality an extension of own child's body. " [9]
Similarly, This phenomenon can be seen in the relationship that these children may draw the therapist: they appear to be attempting to merge their bodies to the body of another.
The risk of this merger to the other if the other shows a will of its own meaning to the child the failure of his omnipotent control of the object, is that it leads to a "fear of disintegration, the total loss of the entity and identity, that is to say the subject by réengloutissement symbiotic: the subject feels a "terror of dissolution of self (loss of borders) in a dual unity invested aggressively on which the child can not control magic. " [10]







[1] MAHLER, M. (1970). Infantile psychosis. Paris, Payot, 2001, 363 p.
[2] Ibid . p.35.
[3] Ibid . p.34
[4] Ibid . p.40
[5] Ibid . p. 44
[6] Ibid . p. 114
[7] Ibid . p. 103
[8] On Lacanian perspective we can say that there is no making demand on the body in these subjects.
[9] Ibid. p. 118
[10] Ibid . p. 119

Hydroment Grout Color Chart

Equation symbolic dimensions of psychosis by Hanna Segal

Hanna Segal [1] builds on the theory of symbolism in Ernest Jones [2] , it is essentially this, that the symbol is what comes to represent intrapsychic conflict that has been repressed, that the symbolism is at an unconscious level, and that its product, the symbol is a form accessible to conscious that replaces the repressed idea, so unconscious.
Jones differentiates the symbolization of identification: according to him, sublimation requires modification quality of affect associated with the repressed idea is to say that sublimation is accompanied, say, pleasure rather than anxiety, while the symbol would replace the idea but without modifying affect. On this aspect, Hanna Segal, following Melanie Klein, is at odds with Jones.
Melanie Klein, in fact, considers, as we have seen, that is the identification of objects in the world with maternal objects which opens the possibility that they come to symbolize. When the pleasure in relation to maternal body gives way to anxiety, the child moves the fun on objects world objects that symbolize the maternal: it is therefore an aspect of sublimation that accompanies the process of symbolization. "Then when the discharge begins to act and that the transition from identification to training symbol has happened is that the latter process offers the libido can be shifted to other objects and Other activities of the instincts of preservation, and who had not originally worth of fun. We come then to the mechanism of sublimation. " [3]

Hanna Segal stresses that symbol formation has its roots in projective identification. Indeed, before the subject would distract her maternal interest objects, projective identification is prevailing in its report to the breast. Hanna Segal therefore considers that the identification of the object to the projected parts of the subject (projective identification) is a precedent for the identification of an object to another (symbolization).
Originally, the subject fails to recognize what is ego and what is the object, which is the projection and what is the reality at this level, there is no distinguish between the symbol (representing the object as a part of me, the object identified in Part I of the proposed by projective identification) and the object (real object).
This is what Hanna Segal calls the symbolic equation. This phenomenon is found in any subject: it is the basis of true symbolism that identifies the objects to each other. But fixing the point where the symbolic equation is characterized by Hanna Segal prevalent psychosis. The symbolic equation as equation between the object and symbol, is indeed "the basis of concrete thinking of the schizophrenic" [4] .

Hanna Segal believes that denial of the loss of the ideal object in the paranoid-schizoid position is based on symbolic equations. Indeed when the object is absent, the subject experiences frustration on the part of the object, and identifies the object to the bad parts there plans (or the displeasure of frustration). The object "symbolizes" so bad on projections; this translates into the idea of a bad object present, which replaces the preparation of its absence. In this way, the object is like this constantly, not differentiated from the "symbol" of bad or good part of me and the loss need not be overcome. Conversely
in the depressive position, the object will be replaced by the symbol in the external world, thereby supporting its loss, to tolerate its absence in the sublimating. So it is only from the depressive position as the symbolic equations can be dropped to make way for the formation of symbols.

The symbolic equation leads to the schizophrenic difficulty communicating with others insofar as words can be perceived as objects. Hanna Segal emphasizes again that the schizophrenic has difficulty special access to his unconscious, thus "internal communication" - (unlike on non-psychotic, which is in communication with his unconscious to the extent that the symbols come to him as a representation of repressed conflict). This inability of the schizophrenic subject is the basis of difficulty in verbal thought in that "any verbal thought is an internal communication through symbols-words" [5] Note that

later [ 6] , Hanna Segal completed his theory of symbolic equations in the light of Bion's theory. It considers when it is the persistence of beta elements leading to the formation of concrete symbols, and that therefore the failure of introjection of the maternal object as container, that is to say, introjection of the maternal alpha function, which causes the persistence of symbolic equations.




[1] SEGAL, H. (1957). "Notes on the formation of symbols." Delirium and creativity. Paris: Women, 1987 93-122.
[2] JONES, E. (1916). "The theory of symbolism." Theory and practice of psychoanalysis. Paris: Payot, 1969, p.82-131.
[3] KLEIN, M. (1923). "The analysis of young children." Tests of psychoanalysis. Paris: Payot, 1968, p. 119.
[4] SEGAL, H. (1957). Ibid. P.100.
[5] Ibid . p.108.
[6] SEGAL, H. (1981). "The function of dreams." Delirium and creativity. Paris: Women, 1987 161-162.

Who Has Brent Everett Bottom With

Contribution of WR Bion to psychopathology psychosis

elements alpha and beta, their destinies

Bion takes Freud [1] The model of a psychic apparatus in which consciousness plays the role of interface, peripheral perception of body in contact with internal reality and external reality.
beta elements are described by Bion as raw sense impressions (from outside), or raw emotional data (from the inside). These impressions, sensations are gross ie they were not treated to be used by the psychic apparatus. Normally, these elements must be converted by beta function alpha alpha elements, which are specific only and therefore thought to be used, handled, assembled by the psychic apparatus. So if the beta elements are impressions or sensations gross alpha elements are themselves the base material of thought. Without them, the thought can occur.
For example, as regards the dream is the transformation of the emotional experience of the dream (beta elements) into "dream thoughts" that will help when the subject wakes up he makes an account of his dream.
"alpha elements include visual images, auditory patterns, patterns of olfactory and they are likely to be employed in the unconscious mind awake, dreams, contact barrier, memory. " [2]
However, if the alpha function is lacking, which may occur in psychosis, the subject matter directly with the beta elements, which are not used to thinking, that is in other words the emotions and impressions of the senses rough. "Contrary to the elements alpha, beta elements are not experienced as phenomena but as things in themselves. " [3] Since the experience of beta-elements within the self gives the feeling of physical presence as a foreign inexpulsable. Hanna Segal also notes that this view "extends the Kleinian point of view according to which children experience hunger as a bad breast inside that must be expelled. " [4]

During the development of small subject, the alpha function is previously performed by the mother. Indeed beta elements will be projected by the subject in the psyche of the mother. The device is to think thoughts of the mother, who by his ability to perform its function alpha beta elements of the Child transforms them into alpha elements that the subject can reintrojections.
addition to access to "think thoughts" that allows this process, the subject comes gradually to introject the mother's alpha function to constitute itself an alpha function independently and no longer dependent on another for transform beta elements.
This alpha function of the mother also covers what Bion called the capacity of maternal reverie. The analyst is called, during the cure, to exercise its capacity for reverie that is the source of his interpretations.
There is therefore in this description with a complex- First, a particular construction of thought-the Kleinian notion of introjection of the good object as making possible the full integration of the self.


Psychosis by Bion

For Bion, the personality is, in all individuals, consisting of some psychotic and nonpsychotic part.
The psychotic part arises from a "cleavage fragments tiny that entire part of the personality that relates to the awareness of internal and external reality, and expulsion of these fragments as they enter their objects or are engulfed by them " [5] .

The psychotic part of personality functioning is defined by a pathological projective identification. She is the psychic mechanism predominates. Out of this operation
pathological projective identification allows the development of communication with others (non-symbolic communication to convey to others what feels the subject), empathy with the object (the self is seen in another person), training symbols, which are factors behind the development of thought processes.
Now there may be failure to establish ties primary communication by projective identification between mother and child. Bion is the essential cause of this failure in an excess of innate hatred and envy of the little child against his mother, who may also be aggravated if the mother is unresponsive. This failure of communication results in all cases the inability to get rid of the subject in a container maternal primitive and violent emotions, which causes the feeling of a disaster that destroyed the original container, having left the child in a state of panic psychosis.
It was before this "nameless dread" absence of an outer container for receiving emotions and objects, the subject tends through the psychotic part of personality to use preferentially the cleavage of these parts are impossible to deport a container.
In this context, the psychotic part of personality has a propensity to use the attack links, which is an avatar of the Freudian death drive as well as a form of cleavage. The binding capacity of the ego (the register of the life instinct and usually done by consciousness), the attention factor (alpha function) and judgments, are defective: the result is a form of self cleavage multiples parties. Chains of thought came from the embryonic non-psychotic part of personality are attacked, and therefore the formation process of thinking is impeded. Formative elements of thoughts that can be juxtaposed, not linked, and the formation of symbols is inhibited.
The subject tries again to get rid of these projection elements unrelated cleaved into smaller parts. This projection is not always as the outer container containing maternal experience of receiving the projections originally made default, it is therefore freely outside. This
are many pieces of me, bits of link parts of the perceptual device, remnants of the superego and of external objects, thus beta elements, which are projected outside the self. Therefore the universe inhabited by the psychotic is formed of multiple pieces of thrown objects and conglomerates that Bion has appointed bizarre objects. In this world, words or images float without limits (since without container), isolated, fragmented or agglomerated as bizarre objects, forming a mental space which is a state of hallucinosis (hallucinosis).
In this state, the sense organs are no longer the perception but the evacuation objects, which produces hallucinations of the psychotic. Similarly, the language has more the function of removing unwanted objects that carry meaning. In hallucinosis, there are no symbols, only representations of concrete things: it is typically in this state that the absent object is not represented by a lack of object (thus symbolized ) but by the presence of a bad object. The hallucinosis radically opposed, in the mode of transformation and psychic functioning predominant thinking is peculiar to non-psychotic personality.



[1] FREUD, S. (1899). The Interpretation of Dreams (Complete Works, Volume IV). Paris: PUF, 2003, Chapter VII, p. 561-677.
[2] BION, WR (1962). Learning from experience. Paris: PUF, 2003, p.43
[3] Ibid . p. 24
[4] SEGAL, H. (1964). Introduction to the Work of Melanie Klein. Paris: PUF, 2000.
[5] BION, WR (1957). "Differentiation of psychotic and nonpsychotic personalities." Second thoughts. Paris, PUF, 2001 51.

Are Plate Protectors Legal In Alberta?

Psychopathology of childhood psychoses by Melanie Klein

Melanie Klein believes that everything about this from early infancy anxieties characteristic of psychosis, it is therefore in this period the fixation points for all psychotic disorders.

Nature early object relations: sadism

The first object is the womb that cleaves about good breast (bonus) and bad breast (frustrator). The origin of this phenomenon lies in the initial conflict between life drive and death drive: the child is immediately from birth, a prey to drive dualism, by the sensations of pleasure and displeasure that succeed in his experience the world. Or to deflect the anguish of the displeasure and the death instinct, the infant is first brought to the project in the first object, the breast.
Because of the prevalence of the initial projection of the death instinct, the earliest stage of the Oedipal conflict is dominated by sadism. This first period, sadistic, of Oedipus begins in the form of oral sadism (the breast) and ends at the moment when the dominance of anal sadism.
Melanie Klein sees in this first phase of the oral sadistic fixation point for schizophrenia (its diagnosis in the case of Dick [1] ), the sadistic anal phase two, is regarded as the attachment point of paranoia [2] .
Initially, therefore, the destructive impulse is turned against the object in the form of sadistic fantasies of oral attack against the breast, partial object. The oral sadistic impulses are to want to appropriate the contents of the good mother to dispossess. The action oral sadistic fantasy is to bite, crush, tear the breast and its contents. Oral Sadism
then gave gradually way to anal sadistic impulses, which aim to put excrement inside the mother-which is to enter his body to control it from within.



The persecutory anxieties in their relationship with the symbolization

These oral sadistic attacks arouse anxiety of the subject because he feared retaliation from the object. This has two effects: firstly introjection oral sadistic objects is the embryo of the early superego, on the other hand, the mother's body becoming an object of fear ("the subject feels himself attacked by weapons he used to destroy the object " [3] ), the interest of the child will move to the womb to the world around, through symbolization.
This anxiety is essential to symbolization, which is the subject to bear interest on external objects come to represent the first objects and the mother, in her fantasy life. By symbolization, identification ago objects to objects outside the mother's body, allowing movement of anguish and a world first.
But in some pathological cases, this anxiety may be too large, either due to a projection too massive death instinct, or because of insufficient idealization of the object.
The corollary of the projection of the death instinct is indeed the projection of the life instinct. The latter serves to establish a relationship with an ideal object: The "good" of the object for the subject based on the experiences of gratification obtained from the breast (as the projection of the death instinct is based on experiences of frustration).
Since the subject's relation to the primary object is dominated by the cleavage (hence the term schizoid) and anxieties are such paranoid (fear retaliation from the object, from which the term paranoid): this mode of object relationship is unique to the paranoid-schizoid position.
So the prevalence of persecution at the expense of the idealization of the object that may lead to pathological conditions. So when this
persecutory anxiety is too intense it can hinder the development of object relations of the subject.
The subject (as does Dick [4] ) reacts in effect by ceasing to be interested in maternal body source of anxiety, and therefore it can not symbolize that interest by transferring it to other objects and other relationships (objects or relationships that come to represent, symbolize the womb and its contents). This excessive anxiety hampers the access to the symbolic and its corollary in this context, access to reality, since it is through the symbolism that the child will move from its primary reality, entirely fantastical, the external reality .
ago therefore a phenomenon that prevents the development of the paranoid-schizoid position, which should be the source of symbolization and access to the reality of the subject development that allows passage to the depressive position. At this hinge is that the spectrum of pathology psychotic child: the transition to the depressive position is hindered and the object relationship is maintained on a paranoid-schizoid mode.
During the depressive position, which normally follows it occurs introjection of the object as a whole, the subject was no longer just related to a partial object cleavage : A synthesis of good and bad aspects of the object can be made, and the relation to the total object, which implies the possibility of its loss, provides access to grief and guilt.



The object relationship schizo-paranoid and ego

In the paranoid-schizoid position, which is being turned against the death drive of the subject, which becomes the bad persecutory object falls pieces within the scope of sadistic attacks the subject. In contrast, the breast is gratification, He felt as complete.
But the ex-Melanie Klein agrees with this point-Winnicott, the first ego is fragmented and lacks cohesion, that is what is referred to as non-integration of the first month. It oscillates between a tendency to integration and disintegration.
The good breast is normally full support in the integration of the subject's ego: the introjection of a whole breast allows me to be avoiding fragmentation. In contrast, an object relationship centered on a bad object into pieces hinders the formation of the ego, leaving fragmented. It may be more than anxious or too intense frustration leads to the difficulty of separation between good and bad object, causing the formation of a good object fragmented. All
cleavage of the internal object is accompanied by a splitting of the ego. Thus' more sadism prevails in the process of incorporation of the object, the object is more fragmented, the more the ego is in danger of being cleaved by the fragments of the internalized object " [5] .
This phenomenon, prevalent in schizophrenia, underlies the states of disintegration and fragmentation.
The effects of these phenomena of splitting and projection / introjection are numerous and vary according to each subject. We will mention a few as examples.
Idealization is the creation of the ideal image of a breast completely good, which the subject expects a gratuity unlimited. An extreme idealization of up to denial of the existence of omnipotent being bad, yet the relationship to be wrong part of the ego, denial corresponds to a denial of a part of me, so its annihilation. Similarly
introjection of an idealized object may also have paradoxical effects going in the opposite direction of better integration of the self. Indeed in a state of frustration and anxiety increased, due to intense persecution from the external objects bad, I may have to fall back entirely on his internal idealized object. In this situation, the ego is depleted in favor of the unassimilated idealized object, the subject feels that his ego has no life or eigenvalue. This leads to more cleavage increased since the self is to be divided even to preserve the relationship in this idealized object while taking away objects external persecutors.



Projective identification

What we have described as the projection into the object of the death instinct, thus the projection part of me hated, induces an identification of the object to this part of me. This identification of the object with hated parts and bad, projected the proper person is the mechanism that Melanie Klein has defined as projective identification.
But if this phenomenon occurs when the relationship has been established within it may also be continued during the tabulation of the object, when the depressive position. For example, after the phase of anal sadism, which are projected into the mother all bad contents (feces etc..) in order to injure and control of the Interior, the mother will be likely, because it contains all the bad parts of the subject to be treated entirely to these aspects bad. It becomes "the person" bad "" [6] , whole identified projections about the bad.

On the other hand, projective identification may also involve the parties 'right' of the subject, which is essential for the child's ability to establish object relations, and to achieve integration me by the introjection of the good object. However if too many good parts have been projected, the self can be depleted of those good parts, they have overwhelmingly been proposed, for example on the mother. Therefore subject to the relations of others will tend to rely on a massive idealization of the other, where dependency on the other by assimilation with the ego ideal, or a feeling of "having lost the ability to love, because the subject feels he loves her subject mostly as a substitute for himself. " [7]
This reflects also the component this type of narcissistic object relationship Schizoid: so here the love for the other love of the subject itself as it likes in the other, it is his ego ideal projected, as the Hate obeys the same mechanism, but in a situation where they are the bad parts of self that are projected.



Psychosis

The object relations of schizo-paranoid type, with their prevailing mechanism, projective identification, if they exist in everyone, are still predominant in the psychosis, especially schizophrenia and paranoia, this consideration is valid both in children than in adults. The operation of the psychotic subject is therefore below the depressive position, we see that the treatment of psychotic subjects tends to allow access to it.

Melanie Klein suggests these disorders as well: "If states cleavage and thus decay, that the ego is unable to bear, occur too often and too long, then one must consider, in my opinion, as a sign schizophrenia in children, and one can already see some indications of the disease in the very early months of life. In adult patients, states of depersonalization and dissociation appear to be schizophrenic regression to the infantile state of disintegration. " [8]
Melanie Klein details a number of aspects that characterize these disorders.
First, projective identification, the identification of the other parties hated the subject, leads to relationships with people based on hatred. At the same time, the ego is weakened because the "aggressive component of feelings"-that is projected by the other, thus lost the self-a, according to Melanie Klein, an important role in the development of "power, power, strength, knowledge" [9] . She also notes that the schizoid mechanisms that lead to excessive cleavage inside me can impede intellectual development of children in its infancy, and noted that any disability in a child should suggest this diagnosis is schizophrenia. We return to these data about the intellectual development of Bion.

Also, in schizophrenia, the splitting of the object by means return the splitting of the ego itself: we have shown how it induces higher states of schizophrenic fragmentation.

However the deflection of the death instinct on the external object never reaches his goal total, there are still parts inside of me that are invaded by the death instinct, or by failure of the projection either by introjection of bad parts of being cleaved. Over the splitting of the ego is active, the more "spread of destructive impulse" within its correlate with the anxiety of being destroyed from within, since the recall in schizophrenia is the issue of projection and then by the reintrojection sadistic oral reports of destruction by devouring.
We can also draw a parallel between this mechanism and a mechanism similar schizophrenic paranoia. Regarding paranoia, in fact, projective identification in its relationship with anal sadism is the origin of the effects of persecution and feeling of being controlled. Sadistic anal mechanisms lead to the infant's mother wanting to control the inside by putting thrown objects, in this case, feces. In reintrojections be controlled from within the child faces himself in what he has done to the mother in fantasy, that is to say control from the outside it is even more a source of anxiety than has been projected in Item consists of dangerous aspects. Thus the persecution linked to the external projection of the death instinct in being added by introjection internal persecution.
other hand, we can highlight an analogy between the mechanisms involved in the experience of hallucinatory satisfaction of desire as described by Freud and the schizophrenic experience. Indeed in the experiment hallucinatory satisfaction of desire, there is an omnipotent denial of the existence of the bad object, which allows the subject to believe in exclusive relationship with an idealized object. This denial is an effect of the death instinct, since it is an annihilation of a psychic reality. So there is a dual action of the death instinct: first it is projected into the bad object, secondly, the remaining part of the death instinct in the ego destroys the relationship with the bad object. According to this scheme, one can see in the first joint source of persecution (making an object by projecting bad) and in the second the source of the omnipotence which delusions of grandeur, adorning some extent elsewhere in the persecution (destruction of the bad object).

[1] See Part II, I-
[2] KLEIN, M. (1930). "The importance of symbol formation in the development of the ego." Tests of psychoanalysis. Paris: Payot, 1968, p. 277.
[3] Ibid . p. 264
[4] Cf Part Two: I-
[5] KLEIN, M. (1946). "Notes on some schizoid mechanisms." Developments in psychoanalysis. Paris: PUF, 2005, p. 280
[6] Ibid . p. 282
[7] Ibid . p. 283
[8] Ibid . p. 284
[9] Ibid . p. 282

Island Def Jam South, Internship

few words about the treatment of infantile psychoses, as an introduction

Considered from the standpoint of Freud's work, the first of the psychoanalytic treatment of childhood psychosis is not an extreme that Freud himself never crossed. We know Freud's reluctance to even consider the possibility of performing the analysis of psychotic adult subjects, having tried himself, quite early, to make such treatment [1] . Thereafter it is difficult to define and conceptualize the possible modalities of such treatment which Freud held to consider the psychosis as an indication of psychoanalytic treatment, which does not prevent him from taking a step in this direction by studying the case of Schreber, a form of "exit" possible deadlock psychotic.
As for psychosis in the subject child, even without going so far as to consider the treatment, Freud did not mention in his work could be located in the clinical record, although one can not avoid noticing that 'progressive individualization of clinical entities, variously named, was contemporary of the last thirty years of life and work of Freud. Thus it was a custom dating from 1908 highlighting a clinical entity from the Register of infantile psychosis-which is not limited to statements of idiocy, retardation or dementia before-described, is by Sancte de Sanctis it was effected in the form of dementia précocissime, following the description in 1899 of dementia praecox by Kraepelin.
note in passing that this description is contemporary treatment, via his father, Little Hans and his phobia (1908, published 1909) or, in our knowledge, the first contribution-Freudian psychoanalysis or even the first contribution more generally to the psychoanalytic treatment of children.
It was not until 1930 that the first contribution to the psychoanalytic treatment of a psychotic child, the light of day, as the story of the cure Dick by Melanie Klein. Here we see the formation of a specific child's first and especially the psychotic child, which shifts radically from the adult child about the target and the terms of the first psychosis. There is perhaps no coincidence that a few years to just after this article by Melanie Klein [2] that the description of adultomorphe Sancte de Sanctis has been scanned by the description of childhood schizophrenia by Howard Potter (1933) and its formalization and description of its clinical variety (1937, Louise Despert, Lauretta Bender). However, the description by Kanner's infantile autism early, dating from 1943, after the death of Freud.
The description of the treatment of Dick by Melanie Klein launches a history, now spans more than three quarters of a century, during which the interest of psychoanalysts to the individual treatment of infantile psychosis did not declined, as evidenced by the considerable volume of contributions published on this subject, and the number of children who have benefited from this treatment, some now adults and living outside an institution.
In fact, within this corpus, we had to make a selection. We chose to confine our study to the fields opened by the psychoanalytic work of Melanie Klein and Jacques Lacan, who found the original intention as a limit that can not work around, although it is more likely in the lineage of Ego psychology U.S., the work of Margaret Mahler, essential work, as clinical and therapeutic [3] , recovery and cited by many post-Kleinian authors, beginning with Frances Tustin.

Regarding the clinical spectrum concerned by our study, we chose to treat infantile psychoses here in the broadest sense that we can give to this term, that is to say that our study concerns both autistic-type organizations that organizations psychotic qualified according to the authors of infantile schizophrenia, or more recently, pervasive developmental disorders. We also include in our field subjects diagnosed borderline or high deficiency emotional.
Our vision here is not to order nosographic we want, about the diagnosis, rule out any restriction other than to remain in the field of psychosis: the different diagnostic and psychopathological considerations, classifications, if any, will be presented, are the reflection of each author. These considerations are often the result of a need for internal consistency to systems developed and studied clinical cases.
But we tried, for each current, generate a little more specific data on the psychosis of a side autism and the other, since it appears that often distinctions or nuances that differentiate in part reflected the two fields in both the psychopathology in treatment modalities
Finally, as to the child organizations psychotic which will be discussed, note that we chose to limit ourselves to diseases that claim before the period known as latency. In most cases presented here, taken or not literature, early support is often taken prior to the sixth year of the child. Our study therefore relates to subjects with impaired very early, which excludes psychotic disorders appearing in adolescence or at puberty [4] .

We took advantage of treating the various concepts by author sequencing is chronological and epistemological: we therefore deal first contributions older, but for those who are more or less contemporary with each other, the order depend, to the extent possible, the influence they have exerted on one another, so that we can also grasp the overall movement of reflection of the current in which they are located.
This study is divided into two main sections. The first relates to psychopathology, which we will present, in terms of child psychosis, essential systems of each author, or more modestly, some of them, their specific contribution to the field before us; we discuss in the same movement elements nosographic eventually developed into the currents involved.
Then in a second step, we will study the data on specific modalities for the treatment of infantile psychoses, citing clinical cases from the literature to illustrate our point.

[1] Mrs. P. cf. FREUD, S. (1896). "Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defense." Neurosis, psychosis and perversion. Paris: PUF, 2002 72-81.
[2] KLEIN, M. (1930). "The importance of symbol formation in the development of the ego." Tests of psychoanalysis. Paris: Payot, 1968, p. 263-278.
[3] noted that the work of Bettelheim, while important in the field of autism, beyond the scope of this study insofar as it articulates with institutional practice and not specific individual .
[4] We will, however, led in terms of psychopathology, to mention a few cases of adults and adolescents from the literature, because of the interest they may have for the study and exposure of certain psychopathological dimensions.

How To Remove Mold From Sonicare Toothbrush

Welcome

This site offers articles on psychoanalysis, psychopathology and management of therapy in childhood psychosis. The following articles are in chronological order according to their issue date on the site.

All articles are copyrighted and are from a thesis submitted to university Rennes 1 October 2006.

Happy reading!