1 - States with autism and mental state post-autistic Meltzer believes that autistic disorder as a clinical entity itself ("post-autistic mental state") is the result of a repetition of statements called autism in which the processes involved in normal psychological development of children is hampered. However once the post-autistic mental condition imposed as a result of these developmental abnormalities repeated, the child continues to have appeal to autistic states as a mechanism Defense privileged. The state
Autism is a suspension of mental life: the child is cut from the outside world. In the transference, it follows a suspension of trade, breach autism.
2 - Dismantling (Dismantling)
a-Description
is one of the key processes involved in break contact, it is a separation of different sensory perceptions exerted by the subject not immersed in one sensory modality over the others. It is a "passive process of letting the senses (...) endeavor to be the most exciting in the moment," an "ability to suspend the attention that allows each to wander towards the object The most attractive of the moment " [1] .
To describe this phenomenon, Meltzer from the notion of common sense, borrowed from Bion. This notion, inherited from the Aristotelian tradition of philosophy and English sensualist, synergy means the records of information, sensory perceptions, which produces "constant conjunctions" of phenomena, which results in a feeling of truth, consistency of perception of the environment.
Decommissioning involves the decomposition of common sense, which leads to the decomposition of the self in separate perceptual abilities. In dismantling the thread that binds each of the senses to form the complete attention breaks. Therefore the subject is bathed in a multiplicity of events unisensoriels, and the distinction between animate and inanimate beings and things, becomes impossible.
Meltzer believes this allows for a decay the ego as a "natural divide" (the separation of the senses) and not by a cleavage active attacks by sadistic. Therefore, "when the self is unified by an attractive object, object perception is reinstated at the same time" [2] . The state autism itself is reversible. But this mechanism deprives children of many experiments maturation.
b-Report of dismantling the obsessionnalité
Meltzer is also a link between decommissioning and obsessive mechanisms. What he called obsessive mechanisms receives is a particular definition. It is in fact no mechanism corresponding to the classical Kleinian description, which is the sadistic activity, under the influence of the projection of the death instinct in the object, leading to attempts at omnipotent control the object. The definition
Meltzer is: "The fundamental mechanism that we call" obsessive "from the disease that illustrates the more brilliantly it works, is to separate and to exercise omnipotent control over the objects inside or outside . " [3]
Sadism, in autism, is "minimal" [4] contrary, he said, the obsessional neurosis or paranoia. So since
separate permits from Meltzer control, separation sensory work in dismantling would be an attempt to control perceptions by breaking them down to their simplest expression. "Getting experience in the dismantling nascent insignificant to a state of simplicity below the level of common sense, so it can function as a symbolic form to contain emotional significance [5] " [6] .
3 - psychic spaces in autism: disruption of spatial dimensionality and the geography of fantasy
Meltzer believes that a fact essential in psychic development is the development of dimensional space, it is by what happens to the subject a representation of the world and that can be normally what Meltzer has emerged under the terms of geography fantasy.
The geography of fantasy covers the different psychic spaces that are the subject during development and on which his internal world and his understanding of the outside world.
Meltzer describes four compartments: inner and outer self, within the internal objects, external objects inside. It is between these various compartments What place processes of projection and introjection, which can be described in terms of trade or pass items from one compartment to another.
The following are the steps identified by Meltzer in the development of spatial dimensionality, in order of complexity.
a-dimensionality
In this mode the state is autism itself. Mental activity is impossible, absent, reduced to a series of sensory events dismantled unavailable for thought and memory, emotionality it reduces to the simplest polarization.
b-two-dimensionality
objects are reduced to the sensory qualities that can be experienced at their surface. They have no width or containing cavity, they are as thin as a sheet of paper. From when the self is also limited to a surface. According
Meltzer, therefore, it may be a capacity issue that is missing in the remains at the stage of two-dimensionality. Esther Bick [7] considered was the capacity of the external object to contain the child's mother who induced an inability to introjection of the containing space. Meltzer is also an internal cause, since he considers that this may also be a difficult subject matter to go beyond the two-dimensionality, and thus to perceive the object as in three dimensions that is causing disruptions the formation of the containing function of the self. According
Meltzer, anxiety is that the lack of internal space formed inside the psyche can not distinguish a good object away from a bad object present [8] .
Otherwise the report will be disturbed at the time: the external objects that can be introjected over experience, and internal objects can not be altered by introjection, it is not possible reconstruction of the past or anticipation the future. Therefore time is circular, based on the inability to imagine a sustainable change. Any change is therefore seen as collapse.
c-tridimensionality
The transition to three dimensionality allows the design of the object as containing an interior and exterior, he is no longer perceived as a flat appearance, and therefore under the angle of either of its sides, but its inside and outside.
At this point, the child then meets an object containing a potential space that can show its ability to protect and keep its apertures. The issue of body orifices is contemporary with the three-dimensionality (as in Barry [9] ). In addition the child is also testing the resistance of the object to the aggressive penetration.
At this stage, the perception of time is oscillatory, which comes at a time moving in a certain sense, but whose direction is reversible. Meltzer believes that the reversibility of the direction of time is treated by the subject because of projective identification. It is through play that introjection and projection at this stage is between subject and object, which ensures the passage of elements from one to another, for return trips at the discretion of the subject, and just by the nature of possible return of items within the self, the idea of a time that can operate in a forward direction as in a return direction is set up.
Therefore, Meltzer believes that the renunciation of projective identification is necessary to make the time to become truly one direction: that is when the transition to quadridimensionnalité is. But this renunciation is never completely.
4 - Other psychopathological
Identifying a-stick
The adhesive identification and projective identification are the two consecutive terms-of-normal preoedipal narcissistic identification. They precede
called introjective identification that appears at the time of entry into the Oedipus, contemporary investment instinctual renunciation of parental figures, investment which will substitute the identification with these figures by introjection-and particularly introjection of the containing function of the mother. Introjective identification is according to Meltzer brand entry into a world four-dimensional, and may-be said in the depressive position, as a corollary the waiver of projective identification which typically is on her to be a predominant mechanism in a three dimensional world.
Thus, the most archaic identification, adhesive identification, which is found in autism so frequently, has she to do with a perception of two-dimensional world.
The adhesive identification (Bick Esther) produces a dependency type "collage" in which the separate existence of the object is not recognized. There was failure to form the concept of internal space, introjection is impossible to identify "objects talking" is blocked. The adhesive identification is identification with the mental body functions rather than objects.
In its manifestations, it can be for example the use of adult's hand as an extension of the body itself.
We also find all the phenomena of reaction to the denial of omnipotence: the child whereas the adult is in continuity with itself, it seems natural that their wishes are carried out by the adult when a refusal the adult is experienced as chunking, as a rejection, pure and simple. The subsequent collapse may lead to a greater autistic withdrawal, sometimes erroneously considered Benin due to its discretion. This discretion
therefore differs radically from the reaction of the child in projective identification, which "will test the denial of his tyranny as a threat to his omnipotence and redouble efforts (...)" [10] .
b-relationship with the maternal object
From an economic standpoint, Meltzer notes that children with autism have a 'permeability the primitive emotions of others " [11] . This increased sensitivity to particular mental states of the other, they reveal their propensity to seem to feel what another feels; Meltzer speaks of this phenomenon under the term "concern for the other depressive" [12] , which does not include an identification but rather a way of feeling by continuity, by adhesion.
Similarly the other seems, for the autistic, also permeable to the emotions; any element of reality tends to show the opposite is seen as rejection. There is an effect of the absence the containing function, the defect barriers, the object as the self. Moreover
behavior of autistic children reveals that they are desperate to be rid of all rivals, other babies of the mother for possession without compromise of the maternal object. But Meltzer does not consider the destructive behavior that occurs in their efforts to retain that possession as a mark of sadism, as these subjects are below projective identification. In the same vein the persecution that occurs in children working in projective identification is absent in these children. For it is
Meltzer a "joyous possession of the maternal object" [13] , combined with a "sensuality" particularly increased, which is a way of relating to the object that happens especially through research body contact and more specifically "skin to skin".
[1] MELTZER, D. et al. (1975). Explorations into the world of autism. Paris: Payot, 2002, p.30
[2] Ibid .
p. 253 [3] Ibid . p.262
[4] Ibid . p.263
[5] Ibid .
P.270 [6] Meltzer brings the product dismantling of bizarre objects Bion. Note however that these are presented by Bion as the product of a divide assets in which the death instinct is at work.
[7] See Part V -
[8] See Part II -
[9] MELTZER, D. et al. (1975). Explorations into the world of autism. Paris: Payot, 2002.
[10] Ibid .
p. 285 [11] Ibid . p. 27
[12] Ibid . p. 28
[13] Ibid . p. 28
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