Melanie Klein believes that everything about this from early infancy anxieties characteristic of psychosis, it is therefore in this period the fixation points for all psychotic disorders.
Nature early object relations: sadism
The first object is the womb that cleaves about good breast (bonus) and bad breast (frustrator). The origin of this phenomenon lies in the initial conflict between life drive and death drive: the child is immediately from birth, a prey to drive dualism, by the sensations of pleasure and displeasure that succeed in his experience the world. Or to deflect the anguish of the displeasure and the death instinct, the infant is first brought to the project in the first object, the breast.
Because of the prevalence of the initial projection of the death instinct, the earliest stage of the Oedipal conflict is dominated by sadism. This first period, sadistic, of Oedipus begins in the form of oral sadism (the breast) and ends at the moment when the dominance of anal sadism.
Melanie Klein sees in this first phase of the oral sadistic fixation point for schizophrenia (its diagnosis in the case of Dick [1] ), the sadistic anal phase two, is regarded as the attachment point of paranoia [2] .
Initially, therefore, the destructive impulse is turned against the object in the form of sadistic fantasies of oral attack against the breast, partial object. The oral sadistic impulses are to want to appropriate the contents of the good mother to dispossess. The action oral sadistic fantasy is to bite, crush, tear the breast and its contents. Oral Sadism
then gave gradually way to anal sadistic impulses, which aim to put excrement inside the mother-which is to enter his body to control it from within.
The persecutory anxieties in their relationship with the symbolization
These oral sadistic attacks arouse anxiety of the subject because he feared retaliation from the object. This has two effects: firstly introjection oral sadistic objects is the embryo of the early superego, on the other hand, the mother's body becoming an object of fear ("the subject feels himself attacked by weapons he used to destroy the object " [3] ), the interest of the child will move to the womb to the world around, through symbolization.
This anxiety is essential to symbolization, which is the subject to bear interest on external objects come to represent the first objects and the mother, in her fantasy life. By symbolization, identification ago objects to objects outside the mother's body, allowing movement of anguish and a world first.
But in some pathological cases, this anxiety may be too large, either due to a projection too massive death instinct, or because of insufficient idealization of the object.
The corollary of the projection of the death instinct is indeed the projection of the life instinct. The latter serves to establish a relationship with an ideal object: The "good" of the object for the subject based on the experiences of gratification obtained from the breast (as the projection of the death instinct is based on experiences of frustration).
Since the subject's relation to the primary object is dominated by the cleavage (hence the term schizoid) and anxieties are such paranoid (fear retaliation from the object, from which the term paranoid): this mode of object relationship is unique to the paranoid-schizoid position.
So the prevalence of persecution at the expense of the idealization of the object that may lead to pathological conditions. So when this
persecutory anxiety is too intense it can hinder the development of object relations of the subject.
The subject (as does Dick [4] ) reacts in effect by ceasing to be interested in maternal body source of anxiety, and therefore it can not symbolize that interest by transferring it to other objects and other relationships (objects or relationships that come to represent, symbolize the womb and its contents). This excessive anxiety hampers the access to the symbolic and its corollary in this context, access to reality, since it is through the symbolism that the child will move from its primary reality, entirely fantastical, the external reality .
ago therefore a phenomenon that prevents the development of the paranoid-schizoid position, which should be the source of symbolization and access to the reality of the subject development that allows passage to the depressive position. At this hinge is that the spectrum of pathology psychotic child: the transition to the depressive position is hindered and the object relationship is maintained on a paranoid-schizoid mode.
During the depressive position, which normally follows it occurs introjection of the object as a whole, the subject was no longer just related to a partial object cleavage : A synthesis of good and bad aspects of the object can be made, and the relation to the total object, which implies the possibility of its loss, provides access to grief and guilt.
The object relationship schizo-paranoid and ego
In the paranoid-schizoid position, which is being turned against the death drive of the subject, which becomes the bad persecutory object falls pieces within the scope of sadistic attacks the subject. In contrast, the breast is gratification, He felt as complete.
But the ex-Melanie Klein agrees with this point-Winnicott, the first ego is fragmented and lacks cohesion, that is what is referred to as non-integration of the first month. It oscillates between a tendency to integration and disintegration.
The good breast is normally full support in the integration of the subject's ego: the introjection of a whole breast allows me to be avoiding fragmentation. In contrast, an object relationship centered on a bad object into pieces hinders the formation of the ego, leaving fragmented. It may be more than anxious or too intense frustration leads to the difficulty of separation between good and bad object, causing the formation of a good object fragmented. All
cleavage of the internal object is accompanied by a splitting of the ego. Thus' more sadism prevails in the process of incorporation of the object, the object is more fragmented, the more the ego is in danger of being cleaved by the fragments of the internalized object " [5] .
This phenomenon, prevalent in schizophrenia, underlies the states of disintegration and fragmentation.
The effects of these phenomena of splitting and projection / introjection are numerous and vary according to each subject. We will mention a few as examples.
Idealization is the creation of the ideal image of a breast completely good, which the subject expects a gratuity unlimited. An extreme idealization of up to denial of the existence of omnipotent being bad, yet the relationship to be wrong part of the ego, denial corresponds to a denial of a part of me, so its annihilation. Similarly
introjection of an idealized object may also have paradoxical effects going in the opposite direction of better integration of the self. Indeed in a state of frustration and anxiety increased, due to intense persecution from the external objects bad, I may have to fall back entirely on his internal idealized object. In this situation, the ego is depleted in favor of the unassimilated idealized object, the subject feels that his ego has no life or eigenvalue. This leads to more cleavage increased since the self is to be divided even to preserve the relationship in this idealized object while taking away objects external persecutors.
Projective identification
What we have described as the projection into the object of the death instinct, thus the projection part of me hated, induces an identification of the object to this part of me. This identification of the object with hated parts and bad, projected the proper person is the mechanism that Melanie Klein has defined as projective identification.
But if this phenomenon occurs when the relationship has been established within it may also be continued during the tabulation of the object, when the depressive position. For example, after the phase of anal sadism, which are projected into the mother all bad contents (feces etc..) in order to injure and control of the Interior, the mother will be likely, because it contains all the bad parts of the subject to be treated entirely to these aspects bad. It becomes "the person" bad "" [6] , whole identified projections about the bad.
On the other hand, projective identification may also involve the parties 'right' of the subject, which is essential for the child's ability to establish object relations, and to achieve integration me by the introjection of the good object. However if too many good parts have been projected, the self can be depleted of those good parts, they have overwhelmingly been proposed, for example on the mother. Therefore subject to the relations of others will tend to rely on a massive idealization of the other, where dependency on the other by assimilation with the ego ideal, or a feeling of "having lost the ability to love, because the subject feels he loves her subject mostly as a substitute for himself. " [7]
This reflects also the component this type of narcissistic object relationship Schizoid: so here the love for the other love of the subject itself as it likes in the other, it is his ego ideal projected, as the Hate obeys the same mechanism, but in a situation where they are the bad parts of self that are projected.
Psychosis
The object relations of schizo-paranoid type, with their prevailing mechanism, projective identification, if they exist in everyone, are still predominant in the psychosis, especially schizophrenia and paranoia, this consideration is valid both in children than in adults. The operation of the psychotic subject is therefore below the depressive position, we see that the treatment of psychotic subjects tends to allow access to it.
Melanie Klein suggests these disorders as well: "If states cleavage and thus decay, that the ego is unable to bear, occur too often and too long, then one must consider, in my opinion, as a sign schizophrenia in children, and one can already see some indications of the disease in the very early months of life. In adult patients, states of depersonalization and dissociation appear to be schizophrenic regression to the infantile state of disintegration. " [8]
Melanie Klein details a number of aspects that characterize these disorders.
First, projective identification, the identification of the other parties hated the subject, leads to relationships with people based on hatred. At the same time, the ego is weakened because the "aggressive component of feelings"-that is projected by the other, thus lost the self-a, according to Melanie Klein, an important role in the development of "power, power, strength, knowledge" [9] . She also notes that the schizoid mechanisms that lead to excessive cleavage inside me can impede intellectual development of children in its infancy, and noted that any disability in a child should suggest this diagnosis is schizophrenia. We return to these data about the intellectual development of Bion.
Also, in schizophrenia, the splitting of the object by means return the splitting of the ego itself: we have shown how it induces higher states of schizophrenic fragmentation.
However the deflection of the death instinct on the external object never reaches his goal total, there are still parts inside of me that are invaded by the death instinct, or by failure of the projection either by introjection of bad parts of being cleaved. Over the splitting of the ego is active, the more "spread of destructive impulse" within its correlate with the anxiety of being destroyed from within, since the recall in schizophrenia is the issue of projection and then by the reintrojection sadistic oral reports of destruction by devouring.
We can also draw a parallel between this mechanism and a mechanism similar schizophrenic paranoia. Regarding paranoia, in fact, projective identification in its relationship with anal sadism is the origin of the effects of persecution and feeling of being controlled. Sadistic anal mechanisms lead to the infant's mother wanting to control the inside by putting thrown objects, in this case, feces. In reintrojections be controlled from within the child faces himself in what he has done to the mother in fantasy, that is to say control from the outside it is even more a source of anxiety than has been projected in Item consists of dangerous aspects. Thus the persecution linked to the external projection of the death instinct in being added by introjection internal persecution.
other hand, we can highlight an analogy between the mechanisms involved in the experience of hallucinatory satisfaction of desire as described by Freud and the schizophrenic experience. Indeed in the experiment hallucinatory satisfaction of desire, there is an omnipotent denial of the existence of the bad object, which allows the subject to believe in exclusive relationship with an idealized object. This denial is an effect of the death instinct, since it is an annihilation of a psychic reality. So there is a dual action of the death instinct: first it is projected into the bad object, secondly, the remaining part of the death instinct in the ego destroys the relationship with the bad object. According to this scheme, one can see in the first joint source of persecution (making an object by projecting bad) and in the second the source of the omnipotence which delusions of grandeur, adorning some extent elsewhere in the persecution (destruction of the bad object).
[1] See Part II, I-
[2] KLEIN, M. (1930). "The importance of symbol formation in the development of the ego." Tests of psychoanalysis. Paris: Payot, 1968, p. 277.
[3] Ibid . p. 264
[4] Cf Part Two: I-
[5] KLEIN, M. (1946). "Notes on some schizoid mechanisms." Developments in psychoanalysis. Paris: PUF, 2005, p. 280
[6] Ibid . p. 282
[7] Ibid . p. 283
[8] Ibid . p. 284
[9] Ibid . p. 282
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