Hanna Segal [1] builds on the theory of symbolism in Ernest Jones [2] , it is essentially this, that the symbol is what comes to represent intrapsychic conflict that has been repressed, that the symbolism is at an unconscious level, and that its product, the symbol is a form accessible to conscious that replaces the repressed idea, so unconscious.
Jones differentiates the symbolization of identification: according to him, sublimation requires modification quality of affect associated with the repressed idea is to say that sublimation is accompanied, say, pleasure rather than anxiety, while the symbol would replace the idea but without modifying affect. On this aspect, Hanna Segal, following Melanie Klein, is at odds with Jones.
Melanie Klein, in fact, considers, as we have seen, that is the identification of objects in the world with maternal objects which opens the possibility that they come to symbolize. When the pleasure in relation to maternal body gives way to anxiety, the child moves the fun on objects world objects that symbolize the maternal: it is therefore an aspect of sublimation that accompanies the process of symbolization. "Then when the discharge begins to act and that the transition from identification to training symbol has happened is that the latter process offers the libido can be shifted to other objects and Other activities of the instincts of preservation, and who had not originally worth of fun. We come then to the mechanism of sublimation. " [3]
Hanna Segal stresses that symbol formation has its roots in projective identification. Indeed, before the subject would distract her maternal interest objects, projective identification is prevailing in its report to the breast. Hanna Segal therefore considers that the identification of the object to the projected parts of the subject (projective identification) is a precedent for the identification of an object to another (symbolization).
Originally, the subject fails to recognize what is ego and what is the object, which is the projection and what is the reality at this level, there is no distinguish between the symbol (representing the object as a part of me, the object identified in Part I of the proposed by projective identification) and the object (real object).
This is what Hanna Segal calls the symbolic equation. This phenomenon is found in any subject: it is the basis of true symbolism that identifies the objects to each other. But fixing the point where the symbolic equation is characterized by Hanna Segal prevalent psychosis. The symbolic equation as equation between the object and symbol, is indeed "the basis of concrete thinking of the schizophrenic" [4] .
Hanna Segal believes that denial of the loss of the ideal object in the paranoid-schizoid position is based on symbolic equations. Indeed when the object is absent, the subject experiences frustration on the part of the object, and identifies the object to the bad parts there plans (or the displeasure of frustration). The object "symbolizes" so bad on projections; this translates into the idea of a bad object present, which replaces the preparation of its absence. In this way, the object is like this constantly, not differentiated from the "symbol" of bad or good part of me and the loss need not be overcome. Conversely
in the depressive position, the object will be replaced by the symbol in the external world, thereby supporting its loss, to tolerate its absence in the sublimating. So it is only from the depressive position as the symbolic equations can be dropped to make way for the formation of symbols.
The symbolic equation leads to the schizophrenic difficulty communicating with others insofar as words can be perceived as objects. Hanna Segal emphasizes again that the schizophrenic has difficulty special access to his unconscious, thus "internal communication" - (unlike on non-psychotic, which is in communication with his unconscious to the extent that the symbols come to him as a representation of repressed conflict). This inability of the schizophrenic subject is the basis of difficulty in verbal thought in that "any verbal thought is an internal communication through symbols-words" [5] Note that
later [ 6] , Hanna Segal completed his theory of symbolic equations in the light of Bion's theory. It considers when it is the persistence of beta elements leading to the formation of concrete symbols, and that therefore the failure of introjection of the maternal object as container, that is to say, introjection of the maternal alpha function, which causes the persistence of symbolic equations.
[1] SEGAL, H. (1957). "Notes on the formation of symbols." Delirium and creativity. Paris: Women, 1987 93-122.
[2] JONES, E. (1916). "The theory of symbolism." Theory and practice of psychoanalysis. Paris: Payot, 1969, p.82-131.
[3] KLEIN, M. (1923). "The analysis of young children." Tests of psychoanalysis. Paris: Payot, 1968, p. 119.
[4] SEGAL, H. (1957). Ibid. P.100.
[5] Ibid . p.108.
[6] SEGAL, H. (1981). "The function of dreams." Delirium and creativity. Paris: Women, 1987 161-162.
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